| Genus: | Scyphiphora |
| Species: | hydrophyllacea |
| Common Name: | Yamstick mangrove |
Ellison, J., Koedam, N.E., Wang, Y., Primavera, J., Jin Eong, O., Wan-Hong Yong, J. & Ngoc Nam, V (2010). Scyphiphora hydrophylacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1
| Museum | Private - Private Author Collection, |
| Preservation | Herbarium sheet |
| Type species | Nontype, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. f. |
| Collector | Behara Satyanarayana |
| Locality | India |
| Data publisher | Herbaria of the University and ETH Zürich (Z+ZT) |
| Dataset | Herbaria of the University and ETH Zürich |
| Institution code | Z |
| Collection code | Herbaria of the University and ETH Züric |
| Catalogue no. | Z-000067845 |
| Basis of record | Preserved Specimen (interpreted as Specimen) |
| Collector | Däniker |
| Current name | Lumnitzera littorea Voigt |
| Country | New Caledonia |
Pollen grains of S. hydrophyllacea equatorial view under SEM showing apertures.
Pollen grains of S. hydrophyllacea polar view under SEM showing tectum that is foveolate over poles and foveo-reticulate to reticulate elsewhere.
Part of S. hydrophyllacea showing (a) flowering branchlet, (b) fruit, (c) flower and (d) longitudinal section of flower.
By sexual and the timing of reproduction depends on local environmental conditions.
Pollination by short-tongued insects.
Flowering during April-May months, fruit maturation occurs during August and October.
Germination is hypogeal.
No known human threat.
Monotypic genus
Pneumatophores and Knee roots for gas exchange.
Plant extractions contains friedelin, syringic acid, isoscopoletin, fraxetol, casuarinondiol and guaiacylglycerol-beta-ferulic acid ether
Least Concern ver 3.1 as on 07 June 2014.
http://www.iucnredlist.org/search (IUCN Link)
Not protected under Indian Acts.
Habitat loss:
Habitat loss and removal species are the most serious threat for species loss.
Pollution:
Pollution from the sewage effluents, solid wastes, siltation, oil and agricultural and urban runoff also causes species loss.
Natural disaster:
Climate change, cyclones, hurricane and tsunamis also cause species loss
Presence of Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea indicated that the area in which it possesses high nutrients and high rainfall.
GenBank: AY289646.1
GenBank: FJ905327.1
GenBank: AY289671.1
GenBank: Y18717.1
This species is found on banks of tidal waterways, creeks and rivers, and in the intermediate estuarine zone in the high intertidal region.
It grows in mangrove forests and coastal habitats.
In Andaman and Nicobar Islands:
Andaman Islands
In Andhra Pradesh:
Godavari, Krishna
In Tamilnadu:
Nagapattinam, Ramanathapuram,
In West Bengal:
Sundarban: South 24 Parganas
Leaf of S. hydrphyllacea shows its obvate shape.
Flowers of S. hydrophyllacea shows cyme type inflorescence.
This image reveals bunches of S. hydrophyllacea fruits.
The distributiion range of S. hydrophyllacea as per IUCN status.
Dark brown wood is very hard and useful for making small objects. A warm extract of the leaves is supposedly helpful for stomach aches.
| Temperature | >24ºC in the warmest month |
| Annual rainfall | exceeds 1250mm |
| Salinity | 30-40ppt |
This species appears in small numbers in most areas of its range. It is considered rare in India.
Primary producer.
Mangrove can reestablish their population with respect to environmental changes.
Abaxial - Abaxial means being located on the side away from the axis. The abaxial surface of a leaf is its underside.
Abiotic - Non-living; part of physical environment.
Acuminate - Tapering gradually to a protracted point.
Acute - Terminating in a distinct but not protracted point, the converging edges forming an angle of less than 90 degrees.
Adventitious roots - Arising in abnormal positions of roots from the shoot system.
Aerial root -Specialized roots in mangrove plants that are exposed to the air, at least during low tide.
Alternate - Leaves occurring at different levels successively along a stem.
Annual - Plant that completes its life cycle from seed to seed in a single year (or season).
Anther - The portion of a stamen which bears the pollen.
Apiculate - A short, sharp, flexible point.
Aril - An appendage growing at or near the hilum of a seed; fleshy thickening of the seed coat (e.g. in Myristicaceae).
Aroid - Member of the Araceae family.
Asexual - A sexual orientation characterized by a persistent lack of sexual attraction to any gender.
Axil - The point of the upper angle formed between the axis of a stem and a leaf (-stalk).
Axillary - Arising from the axil, as in an axillary bud at the end.
Axillary spines - The axillary spine is a spine that develops in the axil (the angle between the stem and the leaf) of a plant.
Bark - The bark is the outer covering of the trunk, branches, and roots of trees.
Basal - Arising from the base of a stem beneath a terminal flower.
Beaked - Narrowed or prolonged tip.
Berry - A fleshy fruit developing from a single female reproductive organ may be applied to any fruit which is fleshy or pulpy throughout, i.e. without a stony pit or core.
Bifurcate - Forked in two.
Bipinnate - Twice divided compound leaf, with leaflets on opposite sides.
Brackish - Slightly to saline/ salty but not having the salinity of seawater.
Bryophyte – Mosses.
Buttress root - A stout vertically flattened root growing from near the base of the stem.
Cable root - A slender root which spreads horizontally outwards from the plant.
Calyx -The calyx is the sepals of a flower.
Canopy - The uppermost layer of branches and leaves of a single tree or forest.
Capsule - A capsule is a seed pod that opens when it is dry and the seeds are mature.
Carpel - A simple pistil or single-celled ovary or seed vessel.
Catkin - Spikelike flower cluster, sometimes drooping.
Circumscissile - Splitting or opening along a circumference with the top coming off as a lid.
Clump-forming - Growing closely together in a compact cluster or group.
Columnar trees - Trunk of tree is tall and straight.
Compound leaf – Many leaflets present on either side of the rachis
Cone roots- A vertical extensions from cable roots
Cordate leaf - A cordate leaf has a heart shape, with the wide part towards the petiole.
Corolla - The corolla consists of the petals of a flower.
Cosmopolitan - Found all over the globe.
Cotyledons - The seed-leaves or embryonic leaf.
Cymes - A flat topped inflorescence in which the centre flower opens first.
Deciduous - Shedding its leaves periodically (e.g. during dry season).
Dichotomous - Branching that result from division of a growing point into two equal parts, giving repeated forking.
Dicotyledons - With two cotyledons, i.e. primary leaves of the embryo; includes most seed plants.
Dioecious - Male and female flowers present in different plants.
Domatium - Crevice or hollow in some plants, serving as lodging for insects (esp. ants) or mites.
Emarginate - Notched at the tip or apex.
Endemic - Endemic plants are native to an area and are only found in that area.
Endosperm - A tissue containing stored food, surrounding and nourishing the embryo.
Ephemeral - Temporary, soon disappearing.
Epigeal - Of or relating to the emergence of cotyledons above the surface of the ground.
Epiphyte - Growing on another plant (usually an herb growing on a tree), without being rooted in soil.
Erect - Vertical or upright.
Estuarine - Of, relating to, or found in an estuary.
Evergreen - Not shedding its leaves.
Fissured - Deeply grooved.
Fissured bark – Bark that splits or cracks.
Flaky bark - Barks that falls of in flakes or thin sheets.
Flanged – A projecting rim or edge.
Fluted trunk - Spreading outward towards the bottom.
Foliaceous - Like a leaf in shape.
Frond - Palm leaf.
Gall – Abnormal outgrowth from plant leaf (or stem) caused by the presence of young insects (e.g. gall wasps).
Germination - Germination is the beginning of growth of a plant from its seed.
Gland - An appendage or other structure on a plant which secretes sticky or oily substances.
Glossy - Smooth and shining.
Gregarious - Large numbers of the same species occurring together at a single site (not necessarily compact).
Halophyte - Plant that only occurs in salty, saline areas.
Hemi-parasite - A plant that partially parasites on a host, but supplements this with its own (often feeble) photosynthesis; can exist without a host.
Hilum - Scar left at former point of attachment.
Holotype - A single type specimen upon which the description and name of a new species is based.
Hybrid - Individual produced as a result of cross between two different species.
Hypocotyl - Portion of the embryonic stem below the cotyledons (i.e. the primary leaves of the embryo).
Hypogeal - Emergence of cotyledons below the surface of the ground.
Inflorescence - Arrangement of flowers or flower cluster.
Internodes - The part between two nodes or joints.
Keeled - A prominent, longitudinal ridge.
Knee roots - Above ground roots shaped like a knee.
Lagoon - Body of seawater (often shallow) that is (almost) disconnected from the sea.
Latex – A thick, milky juice.
Leaflet - A division of a compound (i.e. subdivided) leaf.
Lenticel - A special pore in the bark of trees and shrubs allows air pass in to inner tissues often with characteristic shape, colour and size.
Liana - A woody climbing plant, usually of (semi) tropics.
Ligule - A tongue-shaped or strap-shaped organ.
Littoral - The intertidal zone.
Margin - The edge of a leaf.
Midrib - The central rib or vein of a leaf.
Monocotyledons - With one cotyledon, i.e. primary leaf of the embryo; includes groups such as grasses, sedges, orchids and lilies.
Mucronate - Leaf apex usually broad, terminated by a short stiff point called mucro.
Nerve - A prominent, simple vein or rib of a leaf.
Nodes - Knob or joint of a stem at which leaves arise.
Oblong - Elongated, two or four times longer than broad.
Obovate - Inversely egg-shaped and ends with the broader region.
Obovoid - Pear shaped.
Obtuse - Blunt at the end, forming greater than right angle.
Opposite - Two leaves borne on either side of a branch at a single node.
Palm – like - A plant whose leaf is divided into several leaflets which arise from the same point.
Panicle - An inflorescence divided into branches, compound.
Pantropical - Occurring in all of the tropical regions of the world.
Peltate - A leaf with the stalk usually attached centrally beneath the leaf blade.
Pencil roots - A vertical extensions from cable roots.
Perennial - Plant which lives for more than one year.
Phenology - Occurrence of flowering and fruiting events.
Pimple - A projections on the surface of the trunk.
Pinnate - A compound leaf with leaves arranged on opposite sides of an elongated axis.
Pitcher - Plant a member of the Nepenthaceae family, characteristically with leaf-ends that are modified into vessels that contain rain water and enzymes and serve to trap insects.
Pneumatophore - A respiratory root which rises above the soil surface or spongy/ corky aerial roots arising from cable roots, variable in shape including peg, conical, pencil and knee.
Pod - A dry fruit that opens at maturity, e.g. of legumes (Legiminosae).
Pollen - Pollen is the male reproductive cell of flowering plants and cone-bearing plants.
Pollination - Pollination is the process in which the male's pollen fertilizes the female's ovule and creates a seed.
Prop roots - Aerial roots that form on the stem above ground, also called stilt roots.
Propagule - A structure, such as seed or spore, which gives rise to a new plant.
Pubescent - Softly hairy, covered with short, soft fine hairs.
Raceme - An unbranched, elongated flower cluster with flowers maturing from the bottom towards top.
Rattan - A climbing palm.
Resilience - The ability of a substance or object to spring back into shape.
Reticulate - Like a net.
Revolute - Rolled downwards or to the lower side.
Rhizome - An underground horizontal stem.
Riparian - Along the river or stream.
River banks - A bank generally refers to the land alongside a body of water.
Rosette - A radiating cluster of leaves as in a dandelion.
Scales - Flat, plate-like external structure, formed from the epidermis often visible only if viewed under magnification.
Scandent - Climbing, without use of tendrils, hooks, etc.
Secondary leaflets - A (further) division of a leaflet (see above)
Sedge - Grass-like herb of the Cyperaceaefamily
Sepal - Small leaves located directly under a flower - they are the outermost part of a flower. Collectively, the sepals are called the calyx.
Sessile - Immovable.
Sexual - Sexual dimorphism is characteristic of having two different forms, one for the males and another for the females of a species.
Sheath - Organ that (partially) surrounds another organ (e.g. a leaf base).
Shrub – like – Smaller plants with main stems divided into many sub stems.
Sickle-shaped - Shaped like a sickle, a curved knife
Simple leaf - Single, undivided piece, applied to leaves.
Sinuous - Curving like a meandering stream.
Sorus - Cluster of sporangia on the surface of a fern leaf (plural = sori).
Spat(h)ulate - Leaf shaped like a spatula.
Spike - An unbranched, elongated flower cluster with (sub-) sessile flowers, maturing from the bottom upwards.
Spikelet - A secondary spike.
Sporangium - Spore-bearing case or sac (of fern) (plural = sporangia).
Spore - Reproductive cell of a fern.
Spur - Small, hook-like appendage.
Spurred – Bearing of small, hook-like appendage.
Stalk - Petiole, peduncle or stem.
Stamen – The male organ of the flower consisting of the pollen-bearing anther and its stalk.
Standard - The upper and usually largest petal of a Papillionaceae flower.
Sterile - Infertile, non-reproductive, not able to reproduce stigma.
Stilt root - A root arising from the stem some distance above the ground and affording.
Stolon - Creeping plant’s stem or runner, capable of developing rootlets and stem, and ultimately developing new individuals.
Succulent - Plant with juicy, thick leaves and thickened stems; often occurs in dry and desert conditions or physiologically dry conditions such as with high salinity.
Suture - Line where two parts are joined, and often split apart.
Swampy - Characteristic of or resembling a swamp.
Tendril - A slender, twining organ used to grasp support for climbing.
Terminal - Located at the end, e.g. of a branch or twig.
Terrestrial - Occurring on land.
Thicket - A thick clump of shrubs, often impenetrable.
Thyrse - Having a number of simple dichasial cymes arranged in a recemose manner on an elongated peduncle.
Tree - Higher woody plant, usually with one major trunk.
Umbel - An inflorescence consisting of a number of flower stalks or pedicels.
Tussock - Grasses or sedges growing closely together in a compact cushion.
Vegetative - The vegetative state is the stage in a flowering plant's life cycle before the appearance of its fruiting structures.
Vein - A vascular bundle, usually visible externally, e.g. on the leaf surface.
Vine forest - Certain type of evergreen, tropical forest that is particularly abundant in climbers (e.g. in parts of Queensland, Australia).
Viviparous - Sprouting on the parent plant (e.g. many Rhizophoraceae).
Wetland - An area that is either permanently, periodically or occasionally covered with fresh, brackish or saline water.
Whorls (flowers) - A ring-like arrangement of flowers from a common point or node.
Whorls (leaves) - A ring-like arrangement of leaves from a common point or node.
Wing - Thin, flat margin bordering the fruit.
Zonation - Distribution in zones or regions of definite character.
Zygomorphic - Having only one plane of symmetry, usually the vertical plane, referring to a flower, calyx or corolla.
